What is here
13 studies in humans, 8 animal studies, 3 cell-culture studies and 10 reviews. The human studies are trials of pharmaceutical products (tirzepatide, retatrutide, tesamorelin, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, Melanotan II) in defined patient groups; none of them tested a research-grade vial, and the pages say so. Where a compound has no human study at all, that is stated on its product page and repeated here.
Every page has the same four parts: the paper in brief, the study design, what the paper does not show, and where it is cited on this site. Each links to the DOI and to PubMed so the summary can be checked against the source. Nothing is cited from memory; a paper without a verified PMID does not appear anywhere on this site.
By compound
Repair & Recovery
BPC-157 3 papers
- Cell-culture study The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration Chang et al. (2011), J Appl Physiol (1985)
- Review Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications Sikiric et al. (2016), Curr Neuropharmacol
- Review Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract Sikiric et al. (2011), Curr Pharm Des
TB-500 3 papers
- Animal study Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair Bock-Marquette et al. (2004), Nature
- Animal study Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing Malinda et al. (1999), J Invest Dermatol
- Review Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Goldstein et al. (2012), Expert Opin Biol Ther
KPV 2 papers
- Animal study PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation Dalmasso et al. (2008), Gastroenterology
- Review Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases Brzoska et al. (2008), Endocr Rev
Metabolic
Retatrutide 3 papers
- Study in humans Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial Jastreboff et al. (2023), N Engl J Med
- Study in humans Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA Rosenstock et al. (2023), Lancet
- Study in humans LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept Coskun et al. (2022), Cell Metab
Tirzepatide 3 papers
- Study in humans Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial Garvey et al. (2023), Lancet
- Study in humans Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Frías et al. (2021), N Engl J Med
- Study in humans LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept Coskun et al. (2018), Mol Metab
Growth Hormone
CJC-1295 with DAC 2 papers
- Study in humans Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults Teichman et al. (2006), J Clin Endocrinol Metab
- Study in humans Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog Ionescu & Frohman (2006), J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Ipamorelin 2 papers
- Study in humans Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers Gobburu et al. (1999), Pharm Res
- Animal study Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue Raun et al. (1998), Eur J Endocrinol
Tesamorelin 3 papers
- Study in humans Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial Stanley et al. (2019), Lancet HIV
- Study in humans Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data Falutz et al. (2010), J Clin Endocrinol Metab
- Study in humans Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV Falutz et al. (2007), N Engl J Med
Cognitive
Semax 2 papers
- Animal study Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus Dolotov et al. (2006), Brain Res
- Animal study Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain Dolotov et al. (2006), J Neurochem
Longevity
NAD+ 3 papers
- Review NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing Covarrubias et al. (2021), Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
- Review NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR Yoshino et al. (2018), Cell Metab
- Review Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence Rajman et al. (2018), Cell Metab
Epithalon 2 papers
- Animal study Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice Anisimov et al. (2003), Biogerontology
- Cell-culture study Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells Khavinson VKh et al. (2003), Bull Exp Biol Med
MOTS-c 1 paper
- Animal study The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance Lee et al. (2015), Cell Metab
Peptide Blends
BPC-157 + TB-500 2 papers
- Review Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications Sikiric et al. (2016), Curr Neuropharmacol
- Review Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Goldstein et al. (2012), Expert Opin Biol Ther
Melanotan II 2 papers
- Study in humans Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study Wessells et al. (1998), J Urol
- Review Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization Hadley & Dorr (2006), Peptides
GHK-Cu 3 papers
- Cell-culture study Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ Maquart et al. (1988), FEBS Lett
- Review Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data Pickart & Margolina (2018), Int J Mol Sci
- Review GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration Pickart et al. (2015), Biomed Res Int
GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV 4 papers
- Animal study PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation Dalmasso et al. (2008), Gastroenterology
- Review Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications Sikiric et al. (2016), Curr Neuropharmacol
- Review GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration Pickart et al. (2015), Biomed Res Int
- Review Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Goldstein et al. (2012), Expert Opin Biol Ther
By study type
Study in humans 13
- Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial Jastreboff et al. (2023), N Engl J Med · Retatrutide
- Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial Garvey et al. (2023), Lancet · Tirzepatide
- Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA Rosenstock et al. (2023), Lancet · Retatrutide
- LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept Coskun et al. (2022), Cell Metab · Retatrutide
- Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Frías et al. (2021), N Engl J Med · Tirzepatide
- Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial Stanley et al. (2019), Lancet HIV · Tesamorelin
- LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept Coskun et al. (2018), Mol Metab · Tirzepatide
- Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data Falutz et al. (2010), J Clin Endocrinol Metab · Tesamorelin
- Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV Falutz et al. (2007), N Engl J Med · Tesamorelin
- Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults Teichman et al. (2006), J Clin Endocrinol Metab · CJC-1295 with DAC
- Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog Ionescu & Frohman (2006), J Clin Endocrinol Metab · CJC-1295 with DAC
- Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers Gobburu et al. (1999), Pharm Res · Ipamorelin
- Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study Wessells et al. (1998), J Urol · Melanotan II
Animal study 8
- The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance Lee et al. (2015), Cell Metab · MOTS-c
- PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation Dalmasso et al. (2008), Gastroenterology · KPV and GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV
- Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain Dolotov et al. (2006), J Neurochem · Semax
- Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus Dolotov et al. (2006), Brain Res · Semax
- Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair Bock-Marquette et al. (2004), Nature · TB-500
- Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice Anisimov et al. (2003), Biogerontology · Epithalon
- Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing Malinda et al. (1999), J Invest Dermatol · TB-500
- Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue Raun et al. (1998), Eur J Endocrinol · Ipamorelin
Cell-culture study 3
- The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration Chang et al. (2011), J Appl Physiol (1985) · BPC-157
- Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells Khavinson VKh et al. (2003), Bull Exp Biol Med · Epithalon
- Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ Maquart et al. (1988), FEBS Lett · GHK-Cu
Review 10
- NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing Covarrubias et al. (2021), Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol · NAD+
- NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR Yoshino et al. (2018), Cell Metab · NAD+
- Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence Rajman et al. (2018), Cell Metab · NAD+
- Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data Pickart & Margolina (2018), Int J Mol Sci · GHK-Cu
- Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications Sikiric et al. (2016), Curr Neuropharmacol · BPC-157, BPC-157 + TB-500 and GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV
- GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration Pickart et al. (2015), Biomed Res Int · GHK-Cu and GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV
- Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Goldstein et al. (2012), Expert Opin Biol Ther · TB-500, BPC-157 + TB-500 and GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV
- Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract Sikiric et al. (2011), Curr Pharm Des · BPC-157
- Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases Brzoska et al. (2008), Endocr Rev · KPV
- Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization Hadley & Dorr (2006), Peptides · Melanotan II
How to use it
- Start from a product page: each reference there links to its summary here.
- Read the study type before the result. A cell-culture finding and a phase-3 trial are not the same kind of evidence, and the pages do not blur them.
- Follow the DOI. The summaries are written from abstracts; the methods and limitations sections of the paper itself say more.
- The guides compare compounds within a group; the glossary explains the terms used here.
Research use only
This library describes published research. It is not a claim about any product sold here, nothing on these pages is dosing guidance, and nothing sold by Zyrna Research is for human or veterinary use.